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The San people (or Saan), also known as Bushmen or Basarwa are members of various indigenous hunter-gatherer people of Southern Africa, whose territories span Botswana, Namibia, Angola, Zambia, Zimbabwe and South Africa. There is a significant linguistic difference between the northern people living between the Okavango River in Botswana and Etosha National Park in northwestern Namibia, extending up into southern Angola; the central people of most of Namibia and Botswana, extending into Zambia and Zimbabwe; and the southern people in the central Kalahari towards the Molopo River, who are the last remnant of the previously extensive indigenous San of South Africa.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.wim-sa.org/about-the-san/who-are-the-san )〕 From the 1950s through the 1990s, the San switched to farming because of government-mandated modernisation programs. Despite the lifestyle changes, they have provided a wealth of information in anthropology and genetics. One broad study of African genetic diversity completed in 2009 found that the San were among the five populations with the highest measured levels of genetic diversity among the 121 distinct African populations sampled. The San are one of 14 known extant "ancestral population clusters" from which all known modern humans descend.〔 ==Ethnic nomenclature== The indigenous hunter-gatherer people of southern Africa prefer to be identified by the names of their individual nations, for example the: *ǃKung, *ǀXam, *ǂKhomani, *Nusan (Nǀu), *Khwe (Khoi, Kxoe),〔The word ''Khoi'' means "person" in the Khoe languages. It is thus used as an endonym for both the Khoikhoi and for many of the San.〕 *Naro, *Haiǁom, *Tsoa, *Auen, * Juǀ'hoan, *Kua and, *Gǀu and Gǁana.〔Lee, Richard B. and Daly, Richard Heywood (1999) ''The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Hunters and Gatherers'', Cambridge University Press, ISBN 052157109X〕 Various terms including ''San'', ''Bushmen'' and ''Basarwa'' have been used to refer to them collectively. Each of these terms has a problematic history, as they have been used by others to refer to them often with pejorative connotations.〔 In the 1970s, many Western anthropologists adopted the term ''San'' (or ''Saan'') to refer to them collectively, although some later switched back to the term ''Bushmen''.〔 Historically ''San'' was a derogatory term applied to them by their pastoralist Khoikhoi rivals, meaning "foragers" (''saa'' "picking up from the ground" + plural ''-n'' in the Haiǁom dialect), and became associated with people without cattle or people who stole cattle, and is still an ethnic slur in the central Kalahari.〔 The term ''Bushmen'' is still widely used by others and to self-identify;〔〔〔〔 however, opinions vary on whether it is appropriate as it is sometimes viewed as pejorative.〔〔 The consensus of delegates representing the people at various meetings held in the 1990s was in favour of using the term ''San'' to refer to them collectively, as it was considered the most neutral term.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.khwattu.org/engage/general-questions/?id=43 )〕 These meetings included the Common Access to Development Conference organised by the Government of Botswana held in Gaborone in 1993,〔〔 the 1996 inaugural Annual General Meeting of the Working Group of Indigenous Minorities in Southern Africa (WIMSA) held in Namibia, and a 1997 conference in Cape Town on "Khoisan Identities and Cultural Heritage" organised by the University of the Western Cape.〔 According to anthropologist Richard Borshay Lee, the term ''San'' was in general use by the people themselves by the late 1990s. Representatives of the people from WIMSA and the South African San Institute attending the 2003 Africa Human Genome Initiative conference held in Stellenbosch reiterated that they prefer to be described by either their individual group names or the collective term ''San''. There are regional variations in acceptable nomenclature: *The term most commonly used for them in Botswana is ''Basarwa'' (''Mosarwa'' in singular form),〔 where it is accepted reluctantly. Being a Tswana word meaning "those who do not rear cattle", it also has negative connotations. The term is in a noun class representing people who are accepted (as indicated by the ''mo/ba-'' class marker), while an older variant ''Masarwa'' is considered offensive now.〔 *In 1996 the different San language groups of Namibia met and agreed to allow the term ''San'' to be used externally to refer to them collectively, and the term has been used in Namibia since then.〔〔〔 *There are no official terms for them in Angola, Zambia or in Zimbabwe. In Angola they are sometimes referred to as ''Bushmen'', ''Kwankhala'', or ''Bosquímanos'' (the Portuguese term for ''Bushmen''). The terms ''Amasili'' and ''Batwa'' are sometimes used for them in Zimbabwe.〔 *The term ''San'' has become favoured in South Africa,〔〔〔 and is used in the blazon of the national coat-of-arms. The South African San Council representing San communities in South Africa was established as part of WIMSA in 2001. The people are also referred to as ''Twa'' by Xhosa people and ''Baroa'' by Sotho people. ''Bushman'' is considered derogatory by many South Africans, regardless of their race.〔〔 A 2008 Equality Court ruling nevertheless found that the use of the Afrikaans equivalent ''boesman'' by ''Die Burger'' newspaper did not amount to hate speech in the context used. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「San people」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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